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Libri
Categoria:
Geografia, guide
Anno:
1829
¬The¬ Cornice, the Grimsel and the Gries, the Bernardin and the Splugen, the Brenner, the Tende and the Argentière, and the Simplon.- (Illustrations of the passes of the Alps ; Vol. 2)
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Pagina 76 di 164
Autore: Brockedon, William / by William Brockedon
Luogo: London
Editore: Print. for the author, sold by Rodwell
Descrizione fisica: Getr. Zählung ; zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Commenti: Illustrations of the passes of the Alps : by which Italy communicates with France, Switzerland, and Germany
Segnatura: III 83.717/2
ID interno: 333560
ROUTE 1NSPRUCK TO VERONA, iiv tiit: PASS OF THE BRENNER The road which leads from Germany into Italy, by the Pass of the Brenner, is the lowest across the great chain of the Alps, having an elevation of only 4700 feet above the level of the sea.® Before the formation of the route of the Tende, it was the only pass by which travellers could cross the Alps without dismounting their carriages. The route lies directly through the Tyrol, from Inspruck to Verona; ascending, on tire northern side, the

course of the Sill to the Brenner, and following the Eisach in its descent, on the southern side, until it joins the Adige at Botzen, and thence by Trent and Roveredo to the plains of Lombardy. The importance of a free communication between Austria and its Cisalpine states led to the construction of a good road by the Brenner at, probably, an early period of the possession by Austria of territories in Lombardy ; and the intercourse by this pass is still very great, though the new routes of the Ber

nardin, the Splugen, and the Stelvio, offer to the western states of Germany a more direct communication with the Milanese. Pnge T), line 2, of the Pass of the Mont Gcncvrc, the Brenner ought to have been excepted. NO. X. U

1
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
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Pagina 88 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
perfectly well known at periods long antecedent to authen tic history, though it was left to the world-conquering Romans to apply that knowledge to really useful ends, by constructing roads across them. The history of the Brenner Pass is so closely interwoven with the story of the country itself in its earlier stages of development, that by presenting a picture of the Bren ner from the time when what is now Tyrol became the Roman province of Raetia, the leader will obtain a sufficiently comprehensive

insight into the country’s early history up to Charlemagne’s reign, when Tyrol, as we know it to-day, first begins to take shape. Though the difference in elevation between the Brenner and the only other pass over the Central Alps at all approaching it for lowness and ease, i.e., the Reschen Schei- deck at the head of the Vintsehgau,* is only a few feet, the Brenner offers such an infinitely more direct passage from Italy to Central Europe that the further advantage possessed by it in meteorological

respects gave it a * There is a curious variation in the heights of these two passes given by the best authorities. While the " Encyclopaedia Britannica^ the usually very correct Schaubach, and Egger in his Gcschichte Tirol s makes the difference only 7 or 8 ft., i.e., the Brenner 4588 ft. and the Scheideck 4596 ft. over the sea, Baedeker makes the altitude of the one 4485 ft. and of the other 4898, or a difference of 413 ft., while Amthor makes it in one place of his guide 132 and in the other 137

metres, or over 430 ft. Bonney, in Ms " Alpine Regions, gives the height of the Brenner as 4700 ft., but probably the first-named are the right elevations. Mr, Beaumont's wonderful barometer makes the Brenner Pass 3896 ft. above the city of Bozen, or 5 io 9 ft- above the sea !

2
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
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Pagina 91 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
discovery in such quantities along the Brenner route substantiates at any rate the early use to which this pass was put at least four or five centuries before the Christian era. Though there never waged such a hotly disputed con troversy about any question connected with the Brenner Pass as there has raged for many a long day about the identity of the pass over which Hannibal is supposed to have marched with his elephants, a discussion which grew only warmer by the discovery high on the pass of what

supposedly were the bones of one of these animals, there have been nevertheless some pretty little polemics in relation to the former. One of the principal early events connected with the Brenner Pass described in classic literature is the invasion of the Roman provinces of North Italy by the Cimbri, that formidable Teutonic tribe that inspired such fear in Rome. Though it occurred less than a century before the conquest of Tyrol by Drusus and Tiberius, we know little about the route which the Cimbri

followed southwards from their dank German forests. For a long time it formed another controversial question, but since the researches of Momm sen, it is generally accepted that the Brenner Pass and not the Reschen Scheideck or any of the other passes leading southwards from Noricum was the one selected by these bold invaders of Rome’s mighty empire.* We know * Certain historians still maintain that the Cimbri entered South Tyrol by the Reschen Scheideck and the Vintschgau. {See Wank a von Rodlow’s

treatise on the Brenner Bass, pp. 10-15.)

3
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
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Pagina 6 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
Innsbruck —Queen Christina of Sweden—Empress Maria Theresa’s reply— Empress Elizabeth's funeral train—Matzen inhabited by famous persons—The richest silver mines of the time visible from its windows ........ Pages 1 —33 CHAPTER II The Brenner Pass, the oldest and most frequented of the ancient traverses of the Alps—Puzzling a craniologist—Various classical writers on the Brenner Pass— Tiberius and Drusus who first subjugated Tyrol; some of the tribes who inhabited Tyrol— Via Claudia —What happened

to a Roman milestone—The trade across the Brenner—The Plocken Pass to Aquileia — Roman custom houses and how traders and travellers were taxed—-The Brenner as a military road— Pons Drusi and the gorge of the Eisack—The

4
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
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Pagina 115 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
THE OLDEST PASS OVER THE ALPS -Zz being at the southernmost extremity of the present Tyrol near the shores of Lake Garda, Again and again Gothic invasions appear to have occurred, the Brenner Pass being probably in every case the goal of which the invaders first tried to possess themselves, until Aurelian at last succeeded in clearing Radio, and Vmdelicia of Goths. Under Probus, Diocletian , and Maxeniius , and in fact till Julian's reign in the middle of the fourth century, there is evidence

of constant work being done on the Brenner road, while under Valeniinian and Valens the old road over the Pldcken Pass was greatly improved and the fortifications along it strengthened. Destiny would have it, however, that over it as well as over every other road made by the Romans in Raetia there should soon pass, not Rome’s tried legions, but vast hostile hosts, bent upon the destruction of the mighty, if effete, fabric that had so long swayed the sceptre of the world. Of the events that occurred in the

share of bloodshed and pillage, for the Brenner Pass became, as was to be expected, the goal of the invading hosts as they pressed from the north southwards to establish on Italy’s soil new realms. Thus, thanks to Cassiodor, the scribe of the famous Theoderic, we know that the Brenner Pass received this great leader’s particular attention when making Raetia a sort of bulwark against northern invasions. From him we obtain a copy of the deed by which Theoderic appoints Servatus to be Duke of Raetia

5
Libri
Categoria:
Geografia, guide
Anno:
1829
¬The¬ Cornice, the Grimsel and the Gries, the Bernardin and the Splugen, the Brenner, the Tende and the Argentière, and the Simplon.- (Illustrations of the passes of the Alps ; Vol. 2)
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/333560/333560_88_object_5710272.png
Pagina 88 di 164
Autore: Brockedon, William / by William Brockedon
Luogo: London
Editore: Print. for the author, sold by Rodwell
Descrizione fisica: Getr. Zählung ; zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Commenti: Illustrations of the passes of the Alps : by which Italy communicates with France, Switzerland, and Germany
Segnatura: III 83.717/2
ID interno: 333560
The earliest mention of the pass of the Brenner* is about thirteen years before Christ, when the Romans, under Augustus, extended their conquests beyond the Rhetian and the Noric Alps, and subdued and civilised the people who inhabited the Tyrol. Tranquillity for some time succeeded their conquest, until they were disturbed by the Markomanni, a people of the north of Europe, who invaded Italy by crossing the Brenner into the southern Tyrol, and struggled twelve years with the Roman power before

they were finally expelled. Early in the third century, the Allemanni and the Goths penetrated also by the Tyrol into Italy, but without establishing themselves at that time, as their retreat was purchased by the already degenerate Romans; but in the fourth century they again broke over the Tyrolese Alps. In the year 452, Attila poured into Italy his hordes from the north by the Brenner, ravaged Trent and the southern Tyrol, and, overwhelming Italy, destroyed the western empire. Odoacer, in 476

, invaded Italy by this pass, at the head of the Heruli and Rugii, and so completely established himself,' that he was crowned king at Pavia. Thirteen years later, Theodoric entered Italy with his Ostragoths, by the Brenner, expelled Odoacer, and founded an empire which extended from the Saint Gothard to the Black Sea. But this empire, in half a century, sunk from internal dissension ; and in its Italian portion arose the king dom of the Lombards, which included the ancient Brixentes and the Yenostes

6
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
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Pagina 120 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
6o TYROL PAST AND PRESENT great State function consisting of the coronation by the Pope, which entailed a toilsome journey to Italy. In the three centuries that intervened between Otto I.’s first incursion into Lombardy 951 a.d., until the inter regnum in the year 1251, the Alps were crossed some eighty times by German Emperors, and it is safe to say that more than half, viz., forty-six traverses occurred by way of the Brenner.* What these vast expeditions, con sisting of more or less

on many an occasion, is shown by the tales of contemporary chroniclers like Otto von Freising, Gottfried von Viterbo and Vincenz von Prag. While two other historians of the thirteenth century, Magister Albert von Stade and the much travelled Bishop Wolfger of Passau, have left us a number of highly interest ing details concerning travel by the Brenner pass. That there were occasions when the famous wine of South Tyrol exercised a more pacifying influence on otherwise rowdy soldiers, is shown

by Gottfried of Viterbo’s poetic effusion. It relates to the retreat from Italy of the first Frederick’s army, 1155 a.d., when, after escaping anni hilation at the Gorge of Verona, the tired army reached * A school of historians of ths last century endeavoured to show that many of these expeditions across the Noric Alps used not the Brenner but the Reschen-Scheideck Pass. A more minute examina tion of the existing annals shows that this was quite a mistaken view ; indeed. Dr. v. Wanka declared that not

in a single instance can the passage of the latter pass be definitely demonstrated, while the passage of the Brenner can be positively shown in very many instances.

7
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
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Pagina 103 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
- indulgence in them. Of equal importance was the trade in wine from South Raetia ; Augustus himself thought much of it, and we know from Pliny, that this wine was transported in wooden barrels. Tznol's vineyards, which now extend no further than the southern foot of the Brenner Pass, seem in the Middle Ages to have existed also north of the pass, in the Unter-Innthal, for we come across various records of such properties. Whether this should be taken as a sign that climatic changes have taken place in the

last live hundred years, or as an indication that nowadays cereals and maize have proved themselves to be a safer if not more remunerative crop, is a question about which people differ.* Also tin from Britain was probably transported via the Brenner to Aquilda, though probably not to the same extent as to Massilia (Marseilles), if Diodorus’ account (v, 22) of that then flourishing trade be correct. For a time the Brenner road was probably quite as much used by traders and travellers coming from

8
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_119_object_5715891.png
Pagina 119 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
THE OLDEST PASS OVER THE ALPS 59 [ l by natural boundaries, and when he divided it (806 a.d.) between his three sons, neither ethnographic nor oro graphic limitations came into play. So wretche y meagre are the annals of that time that no positive recor has come down to us that Charlemagne ever crosse e 1, Brenner in his various expeditions, but there is every probability that he did so on more than one occasion. In the eleventh century, the approach to its sou ern p face near Salurn was still

ion j. was being paid to public thoroughfares, er + J e : extinction of the Italian line of the Carlovingians, the j representatives of the East-Frankish line use t e renner | j on several occasions to reach Italy. The Emperor owls ^ the German did so at first with peaceable intentions, but j j when Charles the Bald seized Italy the former s _two sons [j hurried southwards by way of the Brenner to do a e ' j' Also Charles the Stout in 882, 883 and 886, and Arnulf in j 894 and 896 seem to have

crossed the Brenner with their m* armies. From Otto I. onwards the records of the so , s called Kaiserzuge—expedite Romana of the hea s o j the Holy Roman Empire become less meagre, or 1 was that mighty war-lord, the conqueror of the \ who again temporarily consolidated the dismem ere P empire, and revived some of the grandeur o are magne’s rule. Not the least among the reviv s was e ;j|j * Chronicon Benedictoburanum ; Monut. Germ* hist., ix. 2 > P |jj viam satis duram, quae semita KaroK diciiur. |>j

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Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_96_object_5715868.png
Pagina 96 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
as it was skilfully carried out by his ' kinsmen. From two sides the Roman legions entered Tyrol; Tiberius who was then governor of Gaul, coming in from the west by way of Lake Leman, and Drusus from the south, making Trent his headquarters, and following up the broad and fertile valley of the Adige, to where it is joined by the Eisack at Bozen, The Brenner Pass was his obvious goal, which to possess meant the command of the country. But before he could reach the watershed, while marching up the last named stream

, fresh from the Brenner snows, the hardy and valiant Brmni or Breones and Genaunes, two Raetian tribes that inhabited the southern slopes of the Brenner, gave battle to the invaders of their homes. Horace’s well-known description * of the desperate nature of the fight that waged in the narrow gorge where the overhang ing rocks almost meet, is the best evidence that Rome’s soldiers had no light task in subduing these mountain people, though Horace probably did not fail to make the most of the feat

10
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_108_object_5715880.png
Pagina 108 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
at the roadbed, and is subject to sudden appalling freshets, made this piece of the Brixen- Bozen railway one of the most difficult to construct and one of the most expensive in the world to keep up. This gorge the Roman road avoided altogether by rising well above the canon soon after leaving Pons Drusi , and keeping for a distance of some twenty miles on a level of more than two thousand feet above the raging torrent. There can be no doubt that the Romans established along the Brenner road postal

of the Emperor himself, could private persons in cases of extreme urgency make use of the state post. To assist the general public to reach distant destinations, guilds, or associations of fumen- iarii came to be formed, who conveyed travellers on two-wheeled conveyances. Of the existence of such associations on the southern approaches of the Brenner we have documentary proof, and it is safe to presume that similar arrangements were instituted along the Brenner itself.

11
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_129_object_5715901.png
Pagina 129 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
THE OLDEST PASS OVER THE ALPS 67 passed for good and all into the hands of Tyrol's sove reigns, the last attempt on the part of the head of the empire to assert regal rights over the road and, what was more important, over the tolls, being made by Albrecht in the preceding century. By formally investing the three sons of Duke Meinhard of Tyrol and their heirs with the right to levy toll on the Brenner road, the head of the Holy Roman empire asserted the over-lord’s privilege. The last traces

of such pretension disappeared when Tyrol fell to the Habsburgs in 1363. From the letters of the energetic first Tyrolese sovereign of that house to the Doge of Venice, it is quite clear that the former claimed undisputed mastership over this commercially important high road. And he knew how to secure his grip by granting only to nobles who were friendly to his cause the fiefs of the important castles lining the approaches to the Brenner, Particularly in the Unter-Innthal, frequently raided

as it was by the jealous and war-like Bavarian Lukes, who considered themselves wrongfully deprived of their heritage, Tyrol's throne, it was most important that the chief strongholds should be in trusty hands. During a considerable portion of the Middle Ages it is certain that commerce did more for the material develop ment of the Brenner road than imperial rescripts or military measures. Among the more important steps to facilitate foreign trade was a local undertaking carried through by a simple Bozen

12
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_126_object_5715898.png
Pagina 126 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
existing shelter-houses on the Brenner road, was Neustift just north of Brixen, near the junction of the Pusterthal and Trent road. Founded in 1142 as a very primitive shelter house by one of Brixen’s knightly vassals, Reginbert of Laben, it soon developed apace, and in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the rush of travel at this spot must have been great, for there was also a hospital attached to this Augustinian foundation. To day alas ! the ancient church, restored at the height of the baroque

period, has lost much of its venerableness and charm. In connection with the use of the Brenner Pass by individuals as well as by armies, it is interesting to learn that it has been possible to calculate the average pace at which individuals or armies travelled. In some instances the passage was achieved at astonishing speed,! con sidering the very bad condition into which the Brenner evidently had fallen in the century or two after Charle magne’s reign. Of the latter we have definite information

13
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_132_object_5715904.png
Pagina 132 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
TYROL PAST AND PRESENT 7 ° be held, he crossed the Arlberg (Mons aquilm ): “a horror and awe seizes me when I observe these fearful masses of mountains and rocks and even now I can not think of them without dread,” he writes. And when the Dominican friar, Felix Fabri, a little later (1480 and 1483), engaged on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, passed over the Bozen end of the Brenner Pass (Kuntersweg) he speaks of the mountains as fearful ( hornbilis ), an opinion that was shared by nearly all

travellers even of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, not excepting the good Sebastian Munster, who, when he stood on the Gemmipass, declared that the sight made “ his heart tremble.” Gesner’s oft- quoted letter in which he gives expression to his admiration for the mountains (de montium admimtione) is one of the few exceptions in travel literature of that time. It would lead us much beyond the scope of the present volume to follow the fate of the Brenner road beyond its earlier stages, for

by perusing what has to be said in the next chapters of the chief events in the country’s history, the reader will be enabled to form to himself a picture of the traffic that passed over the country’s main highway. A word, however, has still to be said about one quite modem phase in its life story. I refer to the curious effect that the construction of the railway over the Brenner and along the Inn valley some forty years ago exercised upon the prosperity of the numerous old road side towns that for

14
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_89_object_5715861.png
Pagina 89 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
side of the axis of elevation of the Main Alps. The Brenner, on the other hand, is distinguished by the circumstance that in no other place in the entire main chain, can the whole system of the Alps, with its several parallel ranges, be crossed by traversing only one chain in a rise of less than 2600 feet. No other pass enables one to reach navigable water so quickly and with less exposure to the many dangers which , more especially in old days, were attendant upon the passage of the Alps. In other

words, in no other spot do two large valleys on opposite sides of the Alps penetrate so far into the heart of the great chain.* At what period the Brenner Pass came first into general use is as impossible to say as to arrive at any dear perception regarding the identity of the race who first discovered it, and, we may assume, were the Urbe- wohner of both slopes of the Raetian Alps. Whether these were Etruscans or at least tribes akin to that very antient and intellectually advanced people

, or whether Tyrol’s original inhabitants belonged to a Celtic race, is, to put it quite briefly, the question round which more than a century’s scientific controversy has waged, each party quoting their own pet classic authorities : the * To show the great contrast existing in even such a small country as Tyrol, it must be remembered that the altitude of the road leading up to the Brenner Pass at the point where it enters Tyrol near Rovoredo is only 245 ft. over the sea, while the road over the Stelvio

15
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_7_object_5715779.png
Pagina 7 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
various castles that commanded the road—The decline of the road and some accounts of it by early travellers over it—The first Dukes of Tyrol when North Tyrol became Bavarian and the south part of the Longobard kingdom—Charlemagne and his successors—The Bishop of Passau and his travelling expenses— Incidents of travel and the use of hospices—The rate of travel across the Brenner with instances of the speed with which armies crossed it—Emperors dying while crossing the Brenner owing to the

hardships—The Reschen Scheideek and J au flea passes— Old travellers no admirers of scenery—The modern aspect of the Brenner and the Sommerfrischler or summer tourist —The fate of the old inns along the ancient posting-road . Pages 34-71 CHAPTER HI The history of the country subsequent to Charlemagne’s time—An unexpected division of the country in 1248—King Henry of Bohemia becomes Duke of Tyr ol—His notorious daughter. Duchess Margaret of Tyrol, nicknamed " Pocketmouthed Meg,” and the story of her

16
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_11_object_5715783.png
Pagina 11 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
of the Castle of Matzen . 16 PL 9. Lower Courtyard in Matzen .... 18 PL 10. Garden Entrance to Matzen .... 20 PL il. Emperor Maximilian Hunting Stags . 24 PL 12. Emperor Maximilian and his Court Fishing and Shooting 26 PL 13. Castle Matzen with the Sonnwend Peak 32 PL 14. The Brenner Road as it is To-day 38 PL 15. The Main Street in Rattenberg . 38 PL 16. Castle Trostburg ...... 44 PL 17. Castle Ambras as it is To-day .... 44 PL 18. The Town Gate of Sterzing on the Brenner Pass . 50 PL 19. Castle

17
Libri
Categoria:
Geografia, guide
Anno:
1855
¬A¬ handbook for travellers in Southern Germany : being a guide to Würtemberg, Bavaria, Austria, Tyrol, Salzburg, Styria, ecc., the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, and the Danube from Ulm to the Black Sea
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/HTSG/HTSG_334_object_3992083.png
Pagina 334 di 598
Luogo: London
Editore: Murray
Descrizione fisica: XII, 573 S. : Kt.. - 7. ed., corr. and enlarged
Lingua: Englisch
Commenti: Nebent.: Murray's hand-book southern Germany. - Hand -Book southern Germany
Soggetto: g.Süddeutschland ; z.Geschichte 1855 ; f.Führer
Segnatura: I 124.216
ID interno: 37775
to the ft., or N.E., down which the Telfer torrent descends, is the Penserthal, by which in 3 hrs. Sterzing, on the high road of the Brenner (Ete. 217), may he reached. The path passes through Pens and Asten, and then crosses the j Penser- Joch into the Oberbergerthal, and keeping on the heights on the 1. j or N. bank of the torrent, which runs j down this valley into the Eisack, near Manls, passes through Niederried to Stilfs, and along and above the rt. bank of the Eisack, till it descends and

into the Passeyrthal, and to the banks of a turbulent stream, from which spot, in about 2 hrs,, St, Leon hard may be reached. (See Ifte. 216.) ROUTE 217. INNSBRUCK TO BOTZEN, TRENT, AND VERONA, BY THE BRENNER PASS. 39 Aust. m. — 1951 Eng. m, Inns bruck to Botzen, 16 Germ. m. Eihvagen daily in 36 hrs. Stell- wagen daily, very slow, in 3 days, for 7 fls. Münz. With post-horses it takes 16 hrs. from Innsbruck to Botzen, and 16 thence to Verona. It takes longer from Verona to Innsbruck, as it is ascent

nearly all the way, and Vor spann is required almost every stage. Stell wagen ( § 101) between the chief towns twice a day. “ jUiojti Bella sub Alpibus Drusum gereutem.” " Drusus, Genaunos iiuplacidum genus Brainosque veloccs, et arces Alpibus impositiia treineuais Dejecit ueer plus vice simpUci. Horace. The pass of the Brenner was pro bably the road taken by Drusus in the expedition commemorated in these lines of Horace, and it still retains the name P

18
Libri
Categoria:
Geografia, guide
Anno:
1855
¬A¬ handbook for travellers in Southern Germany : being a guide to Würtemberg, Bavaria, Austria, Tyrol, Salzburg, Styria, ecc., the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, and the Danube from Ulm to the Black Sea
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/HTSG/HTSG_294_object_3992000.png
Pagina 294 di 598
Luogo: London
Editore: Murray
Descrizione fisica: XII, 573 S. : Kt.. - 7. ed., corr. and enlarged
Lingua: Englisch
Commenti: Nebent.: Murray's hand-book southern Germany. - Hand -Book southern Germany
Soggetto: g.Süddeutschland ; z.Geschichte 1855 ; f.Führer
Segnatura: I 124.216
ID interno: 37775
Tyrol. 104 . ALPINE VOCABULARY, . 273 Carriage Route through Tyrol. From Munich by Tegernsee \ Kreuth I A very interesting jonr- Achensee » ney of 2 days, (Rte. Schwatz I 188.) Innsbruck J Or if the traveller wishes to Include Salzburg, by the longer Route (185) of Rosenheim. Traunstein. Berchtesgaden ( 1 99). Salzburg (198). Ischl and Hallstadt (240, 243). Aussee. Lietzen. Radstadt (243). Bad Gastein (200) , Werfen, Salzburg, Reichenhall (229). Pass Strub, Schwatz. Innsbruck (212). Brenner

dì Garda and back. Val Lugana. Bassano. Belluno. Pass of Ampezzo. - ) or Lienz. Boxen, s Brenner, Innsbruck, Qpi Ullj Rad stadie r-Tauern, Salzburg. § 104. .ALPI.HE Acht brook or torrent. Alp, or Aim, rarely if ever means the mountain itself, but the pastures upon its sides, covered by the snow VOCABULARY. for a greater part of the year, and gradually laid bare as far as the ex treme verge of vegetation, as the season advances. N 3

19
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_111_object_5715883.png
Pagina 111 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
THE OLDEST PASS OVER THE ALPS 51 Dr. v. Wanka in his interesting monograph on the Brenner, to which I am indebted for many details here quoted, gives an amusing account of the Roman inns that served the weary traveller. Their cheapness was probably their one redeeming feature ; for half an As 2-6., | of a penny, one could obtain lodging and food in the inns on the Italian approaches to Tyrol, The company to be found in such road-side hostelries was mostly very rough, and we can quite believe

Plutarch’s account of the m dignities to which the superior class of traveller was often exposed on the part of muleteers and other boorish customers. Though no details of Roman inns along the Brenner road have survived, they were probably called by names and hung out signs similar to those us ©d in other parts of the empire. Some were called by the names of animals, as for instance, "at the Elephant " 312 Pompeii or at Narbonne " at the cock,” and at other Places : " at the snakes,” " at the larger

20
Libri
Anno:
1907
¬The¬ Land in the mountains : being an account of the past and present of Tyrol, its people and its castles
/tessmannDigital/presentation/media/image/Page/136079/136079_131_object_5715903.png
Pagina 131 di 406
Autore: Baillie-Grohman, William A. ; Landis, Charles [Vorredner] / by W. A. Baillie-Grohman. With an introduction by Charles Landis
Luogo: London
Editore: Naturw.-med. Verein
Descrizione fisica: XXXI, 288 S. : zahlr. Ill.
Lingua: Englisch
Segnatura: II A-1.123
ID interno: 136079
trade ordinances enforced by muni cipalities that compelled traders passing through their districts not only to offer their goods in open market, but at rates fixed by the fathers of the town, and other equally hampering restrictions, made the merchant’s lot a sorry one. These associations of freighters there fore were a distinct improvement, which, in due time, were followed by other useful innovations. From the above briefly sketched life story of the Brenner Pass the reader will, I hope, be able

to form to himself a picture of the all-important influence it exercised upon the history, as well as upon the early developed art move- roent in Tyrol. Had our forefathers possessed the same admiration for Alpine scenery that we possess, or profess to possess, the records of travel over the Brenner and other important passes in the Middle Ages would, assuredly, have been much fuller. This unresponsiveness to the beauties of mountain scenery extends also to other parts of the world. For we find that

21